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dmp19211
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Another_Lurker10K289
Good to hear from you. I’m not sure if that particular one has been posted. American Way will know. He would be the likely contributor if it has and I think he may keep records.
In fact of course there never were any actual penal institution spanking machines invented or installed by Warden Hoyt. He made a joke about such a machine at one stage, and as he later told a conference of prison wardens, the whole thing just got out of control. I suspect Warden Hoyt may have had a droll British style sense of humour and many Americans are completely unable to tell the humorous from the serious when dealing with that sort of thing.
You will find press reports associating Warden Hoyt with far more penal institutions than one man could possibly have managed in a long lifetime and the penal spanking machine seems to have become a press staple in the period if news was slack and column inches need filling. The reference to the conference where he said the whole thing was fictitious is here somewhere. I’ll try to find it, but it was pre-Tapatalk I think, and may not be easy to locate. I can’t recall whether American Way posted it or whether I did.
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dmp19211
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Another_Lurker10K289
Well happily that didn’t take long. Here it is.
Sadly I can’t check the wording, because for some time now the Fulton site has refused to let me in no matter what I try. I think it doesn’t like the security setting in my various browsers. However I seem to recall that it is pretty much as I said above. There may also be a report from the east coast press, NYT I seem to think, or a google books reference but my search didn’t locate either of them.
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2015holyfamilypenguin4,32069
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KKxyz3,59957
Prison and reformatory “spanking” was definitely euphemism for something harsh and cruel. Prison “paddles” were usually leather with a wooden handle whose length was often not included when the length of the blade was mentioned.
So called reforms were often over sold and inadequately funded leading to very cruel and murderous “reformatories”. Good staff burned out and were replaced by bad.
All very different from what might be appropriate in schools where CP is an accepted option.
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Another_Lurker10K289
I have to disagree with you ever so slightly. The corporal punishment component of Warden Hoyt’s method, as introduced by him in the Cannon City Colorado Penitentiary, and adopted by other Colorado reformative institutions, including the state Industrial Home for Girls at Denver was manual, not mechanical.
In this context ‘mechanical’ would imply something like the turning of a crank, the pre-tensioning of a spring , the winding up of a weight, or some similar mechanical advantage method to procure the application of the paddle strokes. It is quite clear from the articles you link in #885 that this was not the case.
Thanks to the wonders of co-ordinate geometry and URL editing here is the complete article, including the portions you linked and the missing bits.
It is quite clear that the paddling was administered by an assistant manually wielding a double barrel stave after the warden had explained the error of their ways to the prisoner. The prisoner was bent over a narrow table, with wrists and ankles secured to the floor at either side of the table. It was intended that other prisoners should be able to hear the sound of the punishment.
To that end the ‘double’ bit of the double barrel stave may have derived from the fact that it consisted of two layers, overlaid but not adhering to one another, which on impact would produce both the sound of the impact on the prisoner’s buttocks and the noise of the outer segment impacting the inner segment of the stave. Logic suggests this might possibly be more painful for the prisoner, but whether or not that was the case it would certainly produce more noise.
I believe that punitive instruments with a similar construction intended to produce a more spectacular sound on impact were sometimes used in schools in the Republic of Korea in more recent times, Perhaps hcj would be so kind as to comment if possible.
Afterwards the prisoner was treated with kindness and consideration, provided they mended their ways. As one might reasonably expect in view of some of the methods described in the article which were previously in use, Warden Hoyt’s method was a great success and produced a much better standard of behavior.
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KKxyz3,59957
I continue to explore factors that influenced CP practices in US schools and the mystery as to why the arguably inferior paddle became the preferred implement. Parental influence and their control of local schools, combined with a desire not to leave marks were likely the main drivers for choosing the paddle. Less clear, is the relationship if any between elementary and high school CP and the connection if any to the college (university) fraternity paddle.
In British colonies private, mainly church-supported high schools were established before primary (elementary) education became compulsory and well before free public high schools were established. Many of these first high schools were modelled on Rugby and the philosophy of it influential headmaster Dr. Arnold.
High school graduates were destined to take on influential roles in education, government, law and commerce. These influential men [sic] tended to support the disciplinary practices of the schools they attended and had served them well.
As the demand and need for high school education increased governments purchased places in existing high schools before starting to build their own. In colonies, where social class distinctions were less engrained and not formal policy, the Rugby model usually prevailed but with trade and agricultural streams available. At the frontier practical skills counted for far more the former social status, or even wealth.
The following excerpt is from a US discussion of corporal punishment in the US South. Most of the schools are small or very small. This was before compulsory high school education. All students were in school either at their parents’ insistence or voluntarily. Classes were also likely to be small in many cases although possibly sharing one room.
All those who replied to the survey would have been well aware of the need to minimise the reported use of SCP if not the use of SCP. It is safe to assume CP is under reported. Unfortunately, nothing is said about the implements used, the target or the severity of the punishments.
Further research is needed into the origins and traditions of these early schools. Were they borrowed from elsewhere?
______________________________________________
High School Quarterly: Volume 4, No.4, July 1916, page 235-
Source: http://books.google.com/books?id=r-cBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA235
Corporal Punishment in the High School – A Symposium
We recently sent out an inquiry to the leading high schools in ten Southern states to determine the extent to which corporal punishment is used. One hundred and sixty-five schools responded.
A study of these replies shows the following conditions:
47% of the schools had no cases of corporal punishment during the year 1915-16.
32% had from 1 to 5 cases.
16% had from 6 to 20 cases.
5% had from 20 to 75 cases.
There were 16,686 male students enrolled in the 165 schools reporting. Of these 52% were in schools that had no corporal punishment.
26% were in schools that had from 1 to 5 cases.
21% were in schools that had from 6 to 20 cases.
1% were in schools that had from 20 to 75 cases.
There were reported 655 cases of corporal punishment.
5% of the schools representing 1% of the students administered 40% of the whippings.
16% of the schools, representing 21% of the students, having 6 to 20 cases during the year administered 22% of the whippings.
Thus, we see that 21% of the schools representing 23% of the students received 62% of all the whippings.
47% of the schools representing 52% of the students administered no corporal punishment.
79% of the school representing 78% of the students were so governed that from 0 to 5 cases of corporal punishment were found necessary during the year. These figures seem to show that the large majority of our high schools are run successfully with little or no corporal punishment and that the more frequently the rod is used the greater seems the necessity for its application. Eight schools with a total enrollment of 1675 boys whipped 40% of the boys reported as having received corporal punishment, while 8672 boys attended schools for the year without any one of them receiving a whipping.
We give below a number of expressions of opinion from High School principals in regard to corporal punishment in the high school. – [Editor.]
C. A. Brown, Central High School, Birmingham, Ala. 752 boys.
“So far as I know there has been no case of corporal punishment in the High School in twenty years. When a boy of High School age reaches the point where it is necessary to inflict physical pain to appeal to him he ought to be in a reformatory or special institution.”
Lee Byrne, Mobile High School. 300 boys.
“Entirely unsuited to the secondary school.”
F. L. Grove, Tuscaloosa High School. 117 boys.
“During my six years as Principal of this High School the number of cases of corporal punishment have regularly decreased until this year it has been nil. In very exceptional cases it is justified, but this year I have made suspension suffice. My results have been fully as satisfactory.”
J. W. Watson, Bibb County High School, Centreville, Ala. 98 boys.
“I never resort to corporal punishment in high school. I use the demerit system and have boys walk campus. I find that works much better than corporal punishment.”
E. H. White, Argenta High School, Argenta, Ark.
“I feel that boys of High School age can be managed without whipping with good results. I have only whipped one high school boy in five years of high school work. This was in a case of a very small sized boy insulting a school girl. I do not believe in corporal punishment in high school except in extreme cases.”
I. T. Pearson, Hernando High School, Brookville, Fla. 200 boys.
“Not one case of corporal punishment administered in High School department. Corporal punishment unwise in High School department. Use it only as last resort in Grammar School. Give High School boys some responsibility, track, sports, organization, self-government with officers, etc.”
R. M. Sealey, Guynne High School, Fort Myers, Fla. 324 boys.
“I have never had a case of High School discipline where other means of control were not infinitely better than whipping. In fact, I have never whipped a high school boy.”
E. L. Robinson, Hillsborough Co. H. S., Tampa, Fla. 165 boys.
“No cases of corporal punishment in this school for five years and discipline has steadily improved. I believe corporal punishment in high schools a very dangerous expedient. I can conceive of cases where it might be wisely inflicted. No expulsion and only a very few cases of short suspension in this school for five years. We strive to create a sentiment for good order.”
J. I. Reece, Clearwater High School, Florida. 30 boys.
“I have never whipped but two boys in High School, that was two years ago. The effect on both of them was wholesome. One of them is now the best student in the junior class. Both have a high personal regard for me and deep loyalty to the school. However, I regard this result rather as an accident or as due to other personal influence than the punishment. I cannot believe in corporal punishment for high school students except as a substitute for weakness in the personality of the teacher or principal.”
H. B. Robertson, Covington High School, Georgia. 29 boys.
“I have never administered corporal punishment to a high school pupil. I do not believe a boy after he has reached high school age will respond to that form of punishment. The manly virtues should assert themselves by the time he reaches this age.”
N. G. Bartlett, Dublin High School. 58 boys.
“There are certain things that I use this for. One is fighting; no exception except suspension. It works better than anything I have ever tried. I use this method moderately.”
J. P. Mott, Glynn Academy, Brunswick, Ga. 109 boys.
“No corporal punishment was inflicted in senior High School. Do not think whipping a wise method of control in higher classes. Do think it is efficacious in lower grades of Junior High School. All the corporal punishment in the High School here this year was confined to the lowest grade of Junior High School.”
S. L. Lewis, 2nd Dist. Ag. School, Tifton, Ga. Ill boys.
“We have not whipped here for two years and probably will not again. We give extra duty for offenses and like it much better. There is less resentment of student body and usually less resentment of punished students. A whipping that really punishes is now called cruelty.”
Geo. H. Roach, Moultrie, Ga. 56 boys.
“Works in first two years if thoroughly applied; poorly done is worse than no punishment. In last two years is useless awaking only resentment in a boy after he realizes a sense of personal pride.”
C. A. Maupin, Columbus Ind. H. School. Georgia. 125 boys.
“The harsher means of punishment you use, makes it more necessary to use harsh correctives. My idea is that the less punishment you give decreases the necessity for punishment. Perfect cooperation of parents is the most effective corrective.”
W. C. Atkins, Berry School, Mt. Berry, Ga. 235 boys.
“This form of punishment does not seem to be advisable for boys past the age of puberty.”
Walter P. Jones, Rome High School, Georgia. 121 boys.
“We do not administer corporal punishment in high school, and it is my judgment that where other, better means of controlling high school boys fail whipping would not bring the results desired.”
J. C. Rogers, Piedmont Academy, Demorest, Ga. 90 boys.
“We believe that if the rod has not brought satisfactory results before High School age is reached it will bring none afterwards. Appeal to manliness in all boys and a square deal on part of boys and instructor is what is insisted upon.”
W. F. Dykes, Boys’ High School, Atlanta, Ga.
“Corporal punishment was abolished in the public high schools of Atlanta about 15 years ago.”
B. F. Pickett, Savannah High School. 267 boys.
“Corporal punishment is not allowed. Board voted against it.”
R. E. Robertson, Brewton-Parker Ins. Mt. Vernon, Ga. 47 boys.
“The number of cases has rapidly and steadily decreased for the past three years. This indicates to me that the less frequently it is resorted to the less occasion there will be for it in general. But believe possibly it is worth something in discipline for the boys who know it may be resorted to.”
J. E. Purks, Cedartown High School. 45 boys.
“For gross disobedience, insubordination, or impertinence there are only two kinds of punishment, whipping or expulsion. It is often better to whip a boy than to expel him. For all other offences some other means of punishment than whipping should be used.”
George C. Downing, Frankfort, Ky. 110 boys.
“I have been principal of this school 18 years and we have never resorted to corporal punishment of any sort. We do not consider any such means of control.”
Arkley Wright, Barrett Manual Training II. S. Henderson, Ky., 114 boys.
“We do not have corporal punishment. We have suspended only one boy permanently and eight temporarily; i.e. for a few days. From experience I believe there are better means of controlling high school boys.”
H. S. Cox, High School, Covington, Ky. 239 boys.
“In the nearly twelve years of my connection with this school there has never been a case of corporal punishment. When boys of high school age cannot be reached by the aid of their parents and reason they are beyond the reach of corporal punishment.”
O. B. Staples, University H. S., Baton Rouge, La. 30 boys.
“In my opinion corporal punishment is a relic of barbarism. Substitute motor activity and internal motivation.”
A. Bogard, High School, Shreveport, La. 213 boys.
“I do not believe in corporal punishment except in very rare cases. Other methods can be used for high school pupils that are more satisfactory in every respect, I think. There has not been a single case of corporal punishment in the three years I have been here. Yet I have had excellent discipline.”
A. P. Hudson, Gulfport, Miss. 60 Boys.
“We have tried to make a traditional sentiment against punishment in the high school. We resort to it so rarely that peculiar odium and disgrace attach to the boy who so steadfastly disregards the finer appeals that a thrashing is necessary. We resort to it freely in the grammar school, but make its use exceptional in the high school.”
Hugh Morson, Raleigh, N. C.
“I think there are many cases in which whipping should be resorted to as the best mode of punishment after consultation with and consent of parents. Of course, the age and class of pupils should be taken into consideration. Seldom, I think should corporal punishment be used after pupil reaches the 10th grade or Junior year.”
M. K. Weber. Ashville, N. C. 176 boys.
“Seldom if ever is it advisable to administer corporal punishment in the high school. Unity and loyalty in the faculty will bring unity and loyalty in the student body.”
W. F. Allen, Goldsboro, N. C. 120 boys.
“I have been here three years but have only whipped one high school boy in that time. I believe that no boy should be allowed to attend high school whose deportment is not satisfactory. The tax-payers have a right to expect that boys will at least behave in return for the education which they are receiving. I think so, too.”
W. Barham Davis, Charlotte, N. C. 194 boys.
“We have had a very successful year with our 570 pupils and have suspended only a very few probably less than 10, and that for only a week or so, and whipped only 1. I do not believe in whipping in the High School at all.”
M. A. Briggs, Durham, N. C. 195 boys.
“For the last few years such cases have been rare. Corporal punishment and expulsion are last resorts. Properly organized and manned by teachers who use tact and common sense, a school should have little trouble in this respect.”
F. P. Wyche, Wofford Fitting School, Spartanburg, S. C. 108 boys.
“Under certain conditions I think corporal punishment may be employed with advantage in a high school, tho as a rule if a school cannot be controlled without it most likely it cannot be with it.”
R. L. Paschal, Fort Worth H. S., Fort Worth, Texas. 725 boys.
“Corporal punishment has gradually dropped into disuse in our high school. I am not sure that we have acted wisely in discontinuing it altogether.”
R. A. Smith, Abilent, Texas. 160 boys.
“I can hardly say that I have final views on corporal punishment or that I would not resort to it again, but I am quite sure that more harm than good has come from it.”
A. H. Hughet, El Paso, Texas. 401 boys.
“We are able to have excellent order and respect for authority without corporal punishment and with the maximum punishment expulsion.”
D. T. Duncan, Jefferson High School, Suffolk, Va. 85 boys.
“I do not believe in whipping boys after they have reached the age of thirteen years.”
J. Lean Codd, Portsmouth. Va. 239 boys.
“There hasn’t been a case of corporal punishment in the Portsmouth High School in the past fifteen years.”
Geo. M. Brian, Maury High School, Norfolk. Va. 694 boys.
“I have never administered corporal punishment during my 30 years experience as a teacher. It has never been practiced in this school, established 1894.”
James W. Lane, Midway H. S., Charlottesville, Va. 170 boys.
“Nothing I think is accomplished by using rod on boys of High School age. This is left in hands of parents. If they fail to cooperate with us and boys become unmanageable we send them home.”
Harbison Waddell, Lexington, Va. 54 boys.
“For serious disorder we send notes to parents by pupils and require answers to same before pupil returns to school. Cooperation of parent is gained and parent can punish child.”
C. L. Green, Bristol, Va. 55 boys.
“My experience teaches me that corporal punishment in the high school has a tendency to arouse an antagonistic spirit among the boys which does more harm than good. We practice suspension here.”
H. L. Matics, Cabin Creek District H. S., East Bank, W. Va. 42 boys.
“In my eleven years of high school work either as principal or superintendent I have never used the rod on a high school pupil. I do not think the rod has any place in the high school.”
Carl H. Thomas, Oak Hill, W. Va.
“Corporal punishment does not seem to me advisable except in extreme cases. The right to use it should not be taken away from the teacher. In first year high school classes there are a few individuals for whom it might be beneficial and not unsuitable. But this would seldom be the case in the other years of high school.”
M. E. Mccarty, Williamson, W. Va.
“Considering the age at which the boy enters High School, corporal punishment should very rarely if ever be administered. Appeal to his manhood, to his sense of right and justice; make him responsible for his own conduct.”
W. A. Scott, Hillsboro, W. Va. 38 boys.
“Do not believe whipping has any place in High School. Pupils of this age who cannot be made to form right judgments as to conduct and who cannot be prevailed on to practice these judgments should not have the privilege of school.”
_________________________________________
The high schools
Cedartown High School. 45 boys.
Dublin High School. 58 boys.
Mobile High School. 300 boys.
Savannah High School. 267 boys.
Tuscaloosa High School. 117 boys.
Central High School, Birmingham, Ala. 752 boys.
Bibb County High School, Centreville, Ala. 98 boys.
Argenta High School, Argenta, Ark.
Guynne High School, Fort Myers, Fla. 324 boys.
Hernando High School, Brookville, Fla. 200 boys.
Hillsborough Co. H. S., Tampa, Fla. 165 boys.
Clearwater High School, Florida. 30 boys.
2nd Dist. Ag. School, Tifton, Ga. 111 boys.
Berry School, Mt. Berry, Ga. 235 boys.
Boys’ High School, Atlanta, Ga.
Brewton-Parker Ins. Mt. Vernon, Ga. 47 boys.
Glynn Academy, Brunswick, Ga. 109 boys.
Piedmont Academy, Demorest, Ga. 90 boys.
Moultrie, Ga. 56 boys.
Columbus Ind. H. School. Georgia. 125 boys.
Covington High School, Georgia. 29 boys.
Rome High School, Georgia. 121 boys.
High School, Covington, Ky. 239 boys.
Frankfort, Ky. 110 boys.
Barrett Manual Training II. S. Henderson, Ky., 114 boys.
High School, Shreveport, La. 213 boys.
University H. S., Baton Rouge, La. 30 boys.
Gulfport, Miss. 60 Boys.
Ashville, N. C. 176 boys.
Charlotte, N. C. 194 boys.
Durham, N. C. 195 boys.
Goldsboro, N. C. 120 boys.
Raleigh, N. C.
Wofford Fitting School, Spartanburg, S. C. 108 boys.
Abilent, Texas. 160 boys.
El Paso, Texas. 401 boys.
Fort Worth H. S., Fort Worth, Texas. 725 boys.
Bristol, Va. 55 boys.
Jefferson High School, Suffolk, Va. 85 boys.
Lexington, Va. 54 boys.
Maury High School, Norfolk. Va. 694 boys.
Midway H. S., Charlottesville, Va. 170 boys.
Portsmouth. Va. 239 boys.
Cabin Creek District H. S., East Bank, W. Va. 42 boys.
Hillsboro, W. Va. 38 boys.
Oak Hill, W. Va.
Williamson, W. Va.
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The above suggests that in the US South there was little reliance on CP in the high schools that responded to the inquiry. A spread of the practice from high schools to the wider school community when compulsory education expanded seems unlikely.
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Sir John 260283
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KKxyz3,59957
*Okay, you do have to sell your soul so not entirely free.