I don’t think you can be precise when discussing the merits of each item. Some canes are thicker, stiffer, and longer than others and this affects the end result. The same goes for the tawse – some are not too sore while others vary from painful through very painful to excruciating. Gymshoes and slippers vary and the hand can be applied in widely varying degrees of effectiveness. The protection offered by any form of clothing will also alter the result. There two types of birch – the spray birch and the rodded birch, but they are not the same.

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