There are also some paddles made of stiff rubber or leather. The ones made of leather are usually made of several layers to make them stiffer and modernly reinforced with a sheet of steel or plastic between the layers. The head could have holes, to avoid the cushioning produced by the air trapped between the head and the skin. Some say that this feature was invented in the 30s by a teacher called Harold Spencer, who developed the so-called Spencer paddle to use on his pupils, but there are older drawings (see below) showing holed paddles being used for punishing slaves. The first historical reference we’ve found about the use of some form of the paddle is from 1816.

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